DHCP is normally used to assign a computer its IP address, as well as other parameters such as the address of the local router. Your computer, the client, uses the DHCP protocol to communicate with a
DHCP server on the local network. Other computers on the local network also interact with the DHCP
server. In deployments, there are several variations. For example, the local agent may be a DHCP relay
that relays messages between local computers and a remote DHCP server. Or the DHCP server may be
replicated for reliability, so that there are two or more local DHCP servers. For our purposes, it is sufficient to think about a single DHCP server.
The complete DHCP exchange involves four types of packets: Discover, for your computer to locate the
DHCP server; Offer, for the server to offer an IP address; Request, for your computer to ask for an offered address; and Ack, for the server to grant the address lease. However, when a computer is re-establishing its IP address on a network that it has previously used, it may perform a short exchange involving only two types of DHCP packets: Request, to ask for the same IP address as from the same server
as was used before; and ACK for the server to grant the address lease.
references:
https://kevincurran.org/com320/labs/wireshark/lab-dhcp.pdf
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