Chromecast gets things to the TV screen from a remote device in part by using something called DIAL (Discovery and Launch Protocol). DIAL was jointly developed by Netflix and Youtube, which is owned by Google. DIAL was actually launched in Google TV, and now it is available in other devices and apps.
One of the Chromecast’s components, the DIAL Service Discovery Protocol, uses Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) version 1.1, which is developed by UPnP (Universal Plug and Play), to allow a DIAL client device to locate a DIAL server device running on same network. The other component is the DIAL REST which is used to query, launch or stop applications using HTTP requests from the client device to the server device.
In case of Chromecast, the phone is the DIAL client and the chromecast device itself is the server.
Google Created Google Cast Screen sharing technology to work on top of DIAL, adding lot more functionality than DIAL could offer alone. There is a Google Cast SDK which enable developers to add related functionality to third party apps that can be used to launch media from the client to the chromecast.
Chromecast is actually running a pared-down version of Chrome browser, and the applications running on device are web applications that receive above mentioned HTTP requests and act accordingly.
References:
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/chromecast4.htm
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